
So a little bit context first - As our test suites grow in complexity and execution parallelism, pinpointing the origin of specific network requests and responses becomes increasingly crucial dude to some random flakiness.

In our Playwright automation framework, we recently encountered a scenario where we needed to intercept a response from a particular worker instance in our parallel test execution. This led us to devise a solution leveraging Playwright's request interception capabilities and custom headers.

When running Playwright tests in parallel using multiple workers, identifying which worker initiated a specific network request can be challenging. This is especially true when dealing with APIs that might behave slightly differently based on the context of the worker or the test being executed.
In our case, we needed to verify the response of a specific API call triggered by an action within a particular test running on a specific worker. Using the builtin `page.waitForResponse()` with a URL matcher wasn't sufficient because multiple workers could potentially trigger the same API call around the same time. We needed a more precise way to target the response we were interested in.

Therefore, our approach was to inject a custom header into the outgoing request from a specific worker instance. This unique header would then allow us to identify the corresponding response. Playwright's `page.route()` API provides a powerful mechanism to intercept and modify requests before they are sent.

Here's an example of how we implemented this solution:

```typescript
import { Page, Response } from '@playwright/test';

async function waitForResponseOfSpecificWorkerInstance(
  page: Page,
  partialRoute: string,
  uniqueIdentifier: string,
  timeout = 21000,
): Promise<Response> {
  const regexRoute = new RegExp(partialRoute)

  await page.route('**/*', route => {
    const url = route.request().url()
    const urlObj = new URL(url)
    const pathname = urlObj.pathname

    if (regexRoute.test(pathname)) {
      const newHeaders = { ...route.request().headers() }
      newHeaders['X-Unique-Identifier'] = uniqueIdentifier
      route.continue({ headers: newHeaders })
    } else {
      route.continue()
    }
  })

  const response = await page.waitForResponse(
    response => {
      const requestHeaders = response.request().headers()
      return (
        regexRoute.test(response.url()) &&
        requestHeaders['x-unique-identifier'] === uniqueIdentifier
      );
    },
    { timeout },
  );
  return response
}
```

Let's break down what this simple function does:

```typescript
waitForResponseOfSpecificWorkerInstance(page, partialRoute, uniqueIdentifier, timeout):
```

- Takes the Playwright Page object, a partialRoute (a string or regular expression to match the URL), a uniqueIdentifier (a string to identify the worker instance), and an optional timeout as arguments.
- Returns a Promise that resolves with the intercepted Response object.

```typescript
const regexRoute = new RegExp(partialRoute)
```

Creates a regex from the partialRoute variable to allow for flexible URL matching.

```typescript
await page.route('**/*', route => { ... });
```

This is the heart of the request interception. `page.route('**/*')` intercepts all network requests made by the page.
The provided callback function is executed for each intercepted request.

```typescript
const url = route.request().url()
const pathname = new URL(url).pathname

if (regexRoute.test(pathname)) { ... }
```

Extracts the URL and then specifically the pathname from the intercepted request. We often focus on the pathname for route matching.
Then we check if the pathname of the current request matches the provided partialRoute.

```typescript
const newHeaders = { ...route.request().headers() }

newHeaders['X-Unique-Identifier'] = uniqueIdentifier

```

Creates a copy of the existing request headers. It's important to copy the headers to avoid modifying the original object directly. Then we inject our custom header. We add a new header named `X-Unique-Identifier` with the value of the uniqueIdentifier variable that was passed to the function as an argument.

```typescript
route.continue({ headers: newHeaders })
else { route.continue() }

```
Allows the intercepted request to continue to the server, but now with our newly added custom header.
If the request URL doesn't match our target partialRoute, we simply allow the request to continue without modification.

```typescript
const response = await page.waitForResponse(response => { ... }, { timeout })

```

This is where we wait for the specific response we are interested in. The callback function within `waitForResponse` checks two conditions:


- `regexRoute.test(response.url())` Ensures the response URL matches our target route.
`requestHeaders['x-unique-identifier'] === uniqueIdentifier` Checks if the request that led to this response had our custom X-Unique-Identifier header with the expected value.


And finally, once a matching response is found (both URL and custom header match), the promise resolves with the Response object and returns it.

Now, lets take a look at how we can use this function in a test:

```typescript
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test'
import { waitForResponseOfSpecificWorkerInstance } from './utils' // Assuming the function is in a utils.ts file

test('Edit refresh lock', async ({ app, api }, testInfo) => {
  // Assuming 'app' and 'api' is a fixture object containing your page objects and api helper function like waitForResponseOfSpecificWorkerInstance

  const responsePromise = api.waitForResponseOfSpecificWorkerInstance(
    app.myPage,
    '/api/v1/example/',
    `worker_${testInfo.workerIndex}`,
  )

 // Perform some action that will trigger the API call

  const response = await responsePromise
  expect(response.status()).toBe(200)
})
```

In this example:

- We use `testInfo.workerIndex` (testInfo is a built-in fixture of Playwright) to get a unique identifier for the current worker running the test. This ensures that each parallel test execution will have a distinct X-Unique-Identifier header.
- We call our `waitForResponseOfSpecificWorkerInstance` function before performing the action that triggers the API call.
- We pass the page object, the partial route of the API endpoint we're interested in (/api/v1/example/), and the unique worker identifier as a string.
- The test then proceeds to perform the action on the browser.
- We await the `responsePromise`, which will resolve only when a response from the /api/v1/example/ endpoint is received and its corresponding request had the X-Unique-Identifier header matching the current worker's index.

By doing that simple trick, we can now precisely target and handle responses from specific worker instances in our parallel test execution, reduce flakiness (even in parallel execution) and enhanced debugging abilities.


Target specific API responses with Playwright parallel execution using custom headers for reliable automation.

Playwright Tips: Using Custom Headers in Playwright for Worker-Specific Response Handling


## The data-test-id Debate: To Use or Not to Use?

For those of us who have a passion for code testing, automated testing plays a crucial role in web development. When talking about end-to-end or functional testing of web applications, one technique that often sparks a debate is the use of data-test-id attributes in HTML elements. This article delves into the pros and cons of using these attributes.

### So What Are data-test-id Attributes?

data-test-id is a custom HTML attribute used to uniquely identify elements for automated testing. It serves as a stable hook for testing tools, allowing them to locate and interact easily with specific elements regardless of changes to styling, layout, structure, or any other non-functional aspects of the application.

So let's start by examining the arguments for and against using data-test-id attributes in web applications.

### The Case For data-test-id

1. __Stability and Resilience:__

Using data-test-id provides a stable selector, mitigating the risk of tests breaking or flakiness due to changes in CSS classes or DOM structure, which usually happens quite frequently on modern web applications being constantly developed.
It is also especially vital in complex dynamic applications with frequent updates and state changes.

2. __Insulation from Style Changes:__

Due to the fact that almost any new web application is being developed using some kind of a framework or a library (for example, tailwind), CSS classes are often subject to change for styling purposes in a more frequent way then it used to be changed in the past. Relying on them for testing often creates flaky tests. 

3. __Improved Testing Efficiency:__

Whatever you think on data-test-id usage, you can't deny its the most efficient method of building an automation testing framework from scratch.
Due to the fact that it is a custom attribute, it is not used for any other purpose other than testing, which makes it a perfect candidate for testing and of course it makes our locators more quicker to find with less of an effort and time to figure out which selectors we should use.

4. __Improved Debugging:__

During test failures, data-test-id attributes make it easier to pinpoint the problematic element, streamlining the debugging process which saves us time and effort.

5. __Dynamic Addition and Removal:__

data-test-id attributes can be dynamically added or removed based on the environment using build tools, server-side rendering, or client-side JavaScript. This allows for their removal in production builds, addressing potential performance and security concerns (spoiler for some of the cons).

### The Case Against data-test-id

1. __Potential Clutter and Performance Impact:__

Leaving data-test-id attributes in production can increase the size of the DOM, potentially leading to slight performance degradation.

2. __Maintenance Overhead:__

Maintaining unique and meaningful data-test-id values can become challenging in large applications, requiring consistent naming conventions and careful management.

3. __Security Concerns:__

On some cases, if left in production, data-test-id attributes might inadvertently expose sensitive information about the application's structure or functionality for potential attackers.

4. __Scraping:__

Simply put, these attributes can make web scraping much easier. While true, it is not the only way to scrape a web application.

5. __Discourage of User Facing Locators:__

Using data-test-id encourages testing implementation details rather than user behavior.
For example, if you look at [Playwright's documentation, under best practices,](https://playwright.dev/docs/best-practices#prefer-user-facing-attributes-to-xpath-or-css-selectors) they encourage using selectors that are visible to the user, such as text content, and other user-visible attributes. Although we need to be fair and say, they were mainly aiming at the usage of CSS selectors, and XPath which these days are considered as unreliable.
You can find similar recommendations in the React Testing Library.

----
To conclude, let's go over of some of the __best practices__ and considerations when using data-test-id attributes.

__Naming Conventions:__ Establish clear and consistent naming conventions for data-test-id values (e.g., component-element-action).

__Environment-Specific Handling:__ Use build tools or server-side rendering to remove data-test-id attributes in production.

__Balanced Approach:__ Use data-test-id judiciously, complementing it with user-centric testing approaches that target user-visible attributes.

__Avoid Over-Reliance:__ Do not rely solely on data-test-id. Test user flows and user visible information.


In this article, I will discuss the pros and cons of using test-ids in your web applications projects.

The Case For and Against test-id Usage


I'm using Mac for several years now as my daily driver at different workplaces, and during those years I've selected a few tools that goes with me anywhere.

I will skip the obvious ones such as code editors / terminals, etc and focus on the tools that I think are less known but can improve your productivity.

### Homebrew

Can't define [homebrew](https://brew.sh/) as less known, but I still think it's worth mentioning because its the first thing I install when I start working on a Mac.

Homebrew is a package manager for macOS (not only) that allows you to install and manage software packages from the command line effortlessly. By the way, it's also a great way to install tools that are not available in the App Store.
It is free and open source, and it's a must-have tool for any developer working on a Mac in my point of view.

Some of the tools recommended in this article can be installed using Homebrew.


### Docker Desktop

[Docker desktop](https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop/) is the easiest and most strait forward way I know to run containers, monitor and manage locally on your Mac.
It's a great tool for developers who want to run and test their applications in a containerized environment.
I use it daily to run databases, message brokers, and other services that I need for my development environment.

### Raycast

[Raycast](https://www.raycast.com/) is a productivity tool that helps you to perform tasks faster on your Mac. It's a great tool for developers who want to automate repetitive tasks and access their favorite tools and services quickly using custom scripts, hotkeys and more.

### Jumpcut

[Jumpcut](https://snark.github.io/jumpcut/) is a clipboard manager for macOS that allows you to access your clipboard history and paste previously copied items with ease. It's a great tool for developers who want to copy and paste multiple items quickly without losing track of their clipboard history.
You can browse your clipboard history using hotkeys, and it supports text, images, and other types of content.

### AltTab

[AltTab](https://alt-tab-macos.netlify.app/) is a macOS app that enhances the built-in app switcher with more features and customization options. It allows you to switch between apps and windows more efficiently using keyboard shortcuts and gestures. It's a great tool for developers who want to navigate between apps and windows quickly and easily.
Personally, I replaced the default macOS app switcher with AltTab, and I find it more intuitive and user-friendly.
For example, when you want to switch between windows of the same app, you can use the arrow keys to navigate and select the desired window while it provides you a preview of the window you're about to switch to.

### UTM
[UTM](https://mac.getutm.app/) is a macOS app that allows you to create and manage virtual machines on your Mac. It's a great tool for developers who want to run multiple operating systems and environments on their Mac for testing and development purposes. UTM supports a wide range of operating systems and platforms, and it provides one of the most user-friendly interfaces I encountered up until now for creating and managing virtual machines.

### TinkerTool
[TinkerTool](https://www.bresink.com/osx/TinkerTool.html) is a macOS app that allows you to customize and tweak various system settings and preferences on your Mac. It's a great tool for developers who want to personalize their Mac experience and optimize their workflow. TinkerTool provides a wide range of options and settings that are not available in the standard macOS preferences, and it allows you to customize your Mac to suit your needs and preferences.

### Stats
[Stats](https://github.com/exelban/stats) is a macOS system monitor that provides real-time information about your Mac's performance and resource usage. It's a great tool for developers who want to keep an eye on their system's performance and identify any bottlenecks or issues that may affect their work. Stats displays information about CPU, memory, disk, network, and battery usage in a user-friendly interface, and it allows you to monitor your Mac's performance at a glance while also providing the option to customize the display and layout of the information.

----
Let me know if you have any other tools that you think are worth mentioning, and I'll be happy to check them out!


In this blog post I will share some of the tools I use daily on my Mac to improve my productivity and efficiency as a developer.

My Mac Dev Toolkit For Better Efficiency


Managing a monorepo with multiple Python packages presents unique challenges, particularly in ensuring efficient CI/CD. In this article, I will share how I created CI/CD workflows for our monorepo of Python packages using GitHub Actions.

We will delve into the workflows, including matrix complexity, and scripts for checking changed paths, alongside other custom scripts and composite actions that facilitate this process.

Our primary CI workflow (`on-pr-build-push.yaml`) triggers on pull requests, ensuring that all changes are validated before merging. This workflow comprises several jobs: `ChangedPaths`, `Lint`, `Typecheck`, `Test`, and `Build-Push`.

__Job: ChangedPaths__

This job determines which packages have been modified and outputs a matrix that drives the subsequent jobs. So for example, if a PR modifies `package1` and `package2`, the matrix will contain two rows: `package1` and `package2`.

```yaml
name: Build & Push Python Package

on:
  pull_request:

jobs:
  ChangedPaths:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    outputs:
      matrix: ${{ steps.get_changed_paths.outputs.matrix }}
    timeout-minutes: 10
    permissions:
      id-token: write
      contents: read
    
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@v3
        with:
          token: ${{ secrets.GLOBAL_GITHUB_TOKEN }}
          fetch-depth: 0

      - name: Run init
        uses: ./.github/actions/init # Custom composite action for initializing the environment
      
      - name: Get Changed Paths
        id: get_changed_paths
        shell: bash
        run: |
          python $GITHUB_WORKSPACE/.github/scripts/internal/get_changed_paths.py
```

The `get_changed_paths.py` python script identifies the changed paths and filters them to include only those within the packages directory.
This script is quite straightforward and uses the `git diff` command by using the built-in `subprocess` module in order to identify the changed paths.

```python
import subprocess
import os

output_file = os.getenv('GITHUB_OUTPUT')


def get_changed_paths():
    cmd = 'git diff --name-only $(git rev-parse HEAD) HEAD~1'
    result = subprocess.run(cmd, shell=True, capture_output=True)
    if result.returncode != 0:
        raise Exception("Error getting changed paths")

    changed_paths = result.stdout.decode("utf-8").strip().split("\n")
    print(f"Changed paths: {changed_paths}")
    return changed_paths


def get_filtered_paths(changed_paths):
    filtered_paths = set()
    for path in changed_paths:
        if path.startswith("packages/"):
            filtered_paths.add(path.split("/")[1])
    print(f"Filtered paths: {filtered_paths}")
    return list(filtered_paths)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    changed_paths = get_changed_paths()
    filtered_paths = get_filtered_paths(changed_paths)
    print(filtered_paths)
    with open(output_file, "a") as file:
        file.write(f"matrix={filtered_paths}")
```

Note the `capture_output=True` argument allows us to capture the command's output. We then decode and split the output to get a list of changed paths. The `get_filtered_paths` function filters these paths to include only those that start with `packages/` which is my path in my repos case.

Also note that GitHub Actions uses environment files to pass data between steps and jobs. By writing the output matrix to a file (GITHUB_OUTPUT), we can ensure that the list of changed paths is available as an output in the ChangedPaths job. This allows subsequent jobs to access and iterate over the paths efficiently.

__Job: Lint, Typecheck, and Test__

These jobs runs composite actions for linting (flake8), type checking (mypy), and tests (pytest) on the changed packages using a matrix strategy. They depend on the ChangedPaths job.

```yaml
  Lint:
    needs: ChangedPaths
    if: ${{ needs.ChangedPaths.outputs.matrix != '[]' }}
    strategy:
      matrix: 
        path: ${{ fromJson(needs.ChangedPaths.outputs.matrix) }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 10
    permissions:
      id-token: write
      contents: read

    steps:
      - name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@v3

      - name: Get path
        run: echo ${{ matrix.path }}
      
      - name: Run init
        uses: ./.github/actions/init
        with: 
          change_path: ${{ matrix.path }}

      - name: Run Lint action
        uses: ./.github/actions/lint
        env: 
          paths: ${{ matrix.path }}
```

__Job: Build-Push__

The final job in the CI pipeline builds and pushes the packages if all previous jobs succeed.

```yaml
  Build-Push:
    needs: [ChangedPaths, Lint, Typecheck, Test]
    if: ${{ needs.ChangedPaths.outputs.matrix != '[]' }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
        path: ${{ fromJson(needs.ChangedPaths.outputs.matrix) }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 15
    permissions:
      id-token: write
      contents: read

    steps:
      - name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@v3
        id: checkout

      - name: Run init
        id: run-init
        uses: ./.github/actions/init
        with: 
          change_path: ${{ matrix.path }}

      - name: Build & Publish Python Packages
        uses: ./.github/actions/build-push-package
        env: 
          paths: ${{ matrix.path }}
```

This job calls a custom composite action (`build-push-package`) that builds and upload the package to GitHub cache, so the user can install it from there.

```yaml
name: Build & Release Package
description: "Build & Push Python Package"
author: "Or Kazaz"

runs:
  using: composite

  steps:
    - name: Checkout
      uses: actions/checkout@v3
      with:
        fetch-depth: 0

    - name: Setup Python
      uses: actions/setup-python@v4
      with:
        python-version: '3.11'

    - name: Install Python Dependencies
      shell: bash
      run: |
        pip install --upgrade pip
        pip install poetry twine check-wheel-contents

    - name: Run Poetry Check for pyproject.toml
      working-directory: ./packages/${{ env.paths }}
      shell: bash
      run: poetry check

    - name: Build Package Distribution
      working-directory: ./packages/${{ env.paths }}
      shell: bash
      run: poetry build

    - name: Check Distribution Descriptions
      working-directory: ./packages/${{ env.paths }}
      shell: bash
      run: |
        twine check dist/*

    - name: Check Wheel Contents
      working-directory: ./packages/${{ env.paths }}
      shell: bash
      run: |
        check-wheel-contents dist/*.whl

    - name: Cache Package Distribution
      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
      with:
        name: ${{ env.paths }}
        path: ./packages/${{ env.paths }}/dist/
```

The secondary workflow (`tag-and-release.yaml`) is triggered on a manually on demand by using `workflow_dispatch`. It tags the package, updates its version is pyproject.toml.toml, and publish the packages into our internal PyPI repository (on Jfrog Artifactory). It consists of multiple jobs to ensure a smooth release process.

__Job: Tag and Release__

This job tags the repository and creates a release on GitHub by zipping it and using an action to create a release to be available for download.

```yaml
jobs:
  tag-and-release:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 15

    outputs:
      package_version: ${{ steps.dynamic_version.outputs.package_version }}

    steps:
      - name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@v3
        with:
          ref: ${{ github.event.inputs.commit_hash }}

      - name: Run Dynamic-Versioning
        id: dynamic_version
        uses: ./.github/actions/dynamic-versioning
        with:
          package_name: ${{ github.event.inputs.package_name }}

      - name: Archive package directory
        working-directory: ./packages
        run: |
          zip -r ${{ github.event.inputs.package_name }}.zip ./${{ github.event.inputs.package_name }}
          echo "ARTIFACT_FILE_PATH=./packages/${{ github.event.inputs.package_name }}.zip" >> $GITHUB_ENV
        env:
          ARTIFACT_FILE_PATH: ${{ env.ARTIFACT_FILE_PATH }}

      - name: Create Release
        uses: ncipollo/release-action@v1
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
        with:
          artifacts: "${{ env.ARTIFACT_FILE_PATH }}"
          commit: ${{ github.event.inputs.commit_hash }}
          tag: ${{ github.event.inputs.package_name }}-v${{ steps.dynamic_version.outputs.package_version }}
          name: ${{ github.event.inputs.package_name }}-v${{ steps.dynamic_version.outputs.package_version }}
          token: ${{ secrets.GLOBAL_GITHUB_TOKEN }}
          skipIfReleaseExists: true
```

Note that the `dynamic-versioning` action is a custom action that updates the version in the `pyproject.toml` file.

```yaml
name: "Dynamic Versioning"
description: "Bump version in python package"
author: "Or Kazaz"

inputs:
  package_name:
    description: "Package name"
    required: true

outputs:
  package_version:
    description: 'bumped package version'
    value: ${{ steps.bump_version.outputs.package_version }}

runs:
  using: composite

  steps:
    - name: Checkout
      uses: actions/checkout@v3
      with:
        fetch-depth: 0

    - name: Bump version
      id: bump_version
      shell: bash
      run: |
          PACKAGE_VERSION=$($GITHUB_WORKSPACE/.github/scripts/internal/bump_version.sh ${{ inputs.package_name }})
          echo "${{ inputs.package_name }} package will be bumped to version: ${PACKAGE_VERSION}"
          echo "package_version=$PACKAGE_VERSION" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
```

Bump version is a very simple bash script the increments the package version in the `pyproject.toml` file.

```bash
#!/bin/bash

PACKAGE_NAME=$1

VERSION_LINE=$(grep version ./packages/$PACKAGE_NAME/pyproject.toml)
OLD_VERSION=$(echo "$VERSION_LINE" | awk -F'"' '{print $2}')
NEW_VERSION=$(echo "$OLD_VERSION" | awk -F. -v OFS=. '{$3=$3+1}1')

sed -i "s/$VERSION_LINE/version = \"$NEW_VERSION\"/g" ./packages/$PACKAGE_NAME/pyproject.toml

VERSION=$(grep version ./packages/$PACKAGE_NAME/pyproject.toml | awk -F'\"' '{print $2}')
echo $VERSION
```

__Job: Build__

This job builds the package distribution using Poetry.

```yaml
  build:
    needs: tag-and-release
    name: Build Python Package
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 30

    steps:

      - name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@v3
        with:
          ref: ${{ github.event.inputs.commit_hash }}

      - name: Setup Python
        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
        with:
          python-version: '3.11'

      - name: Install Python Dependencies
        working-directory: ./packages/${{ github.event.inputs.package_name }}
        run: |
          pip install --upgrade pip
          pip install --upgrade poetry twine check-wheel-contents

      - name: Run Dynamic-Versioning
        id: dynamic_version
        uses: ./.github/actions/dynamic-versioning
        with:
          package_name: ${{ github.event.inputs.package_name }}

      - name: Build Package Distribution
        working-directory: ./packages/${{ github.event.inputs.package_name }}
        run: |
          poetry build
```

__Job: Publish to JFrog__

This job publishes the built package to JFrog by retrieving the cached package distribution and using the official `gh-action-pypi-publish` action.

```yaml
  publish-jfrog:
    needs: build
    name: Publish Package to JFrog
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 15

    steps:
      - name: Retrieve Cached Package Distribution
        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
        with:
          name: ${{ github.event.inputs.package_name }}
          path: ./packages/${{ github.event.inputs.package_name }}/dist

      - name: Publish to JFrog
        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
        with:
          packages-dir: ./packages/${{ github.event.inputs.package_name }}/dist
          user: ${{ secret.secret_user }}
          password: ${{ secret.secret_password }}
          repository-url: https://the.internal.repo.url/artifactory/api/pypi/pypi

```

__Job: Commit Updated Version__

Finally, this job commits the updated version to the repository while skipping CI.


```yaml
  commit-version:
    needs: [tag-and-release, build, publish-jfrog]
    name: Commit updated version
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 15

    steps:
    - name: Checkout
      uses: actions/checkout@v3

    - name: Commit updated version
      shell: bash
      run: |
          git config --global user.name $GITHUB_USER
          git config --global user.email $GITHUB_EMAIL
          git pull
          bash $GITHUB_WORKSPACE/.github/scripts/internal/bump_version.sh ${{ github.event.inputs.package_name }}
          git add ./packages/${{ github.event.inputs.package_name }}/pyproject.toml
          git commit -m "Bump ${{ github.event.inputs.package_name }} to version ${{ needs.tag-and-release.outputs.package_version }} [skip ci]"
          git push origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
```

![CI-ON-PR](https://res.cloudinary.com/dtt2usukl/image/upload/v1718703406/Image_18-06-2024_at_12.36_ge6oku.jpg)*On Pull request CI of 3 packages modified*

This setup ensures that only the affected packages are processed, reducing build times and resource usage. The use of matrix strategies, custom scripts, and composite actions provides a flexible, generic and scalable approach to managing CI/CD workflows of such use case.


In this article i'll share how I handheld the CI/CD in a mono repo with multiple python packages using GitHub Actions.

Handling CI/CD in a Mono Repo With Multiple Python Packages


We've implemented extensive improvements, including expanding device capacity, enhancing monitoring systems, introducing features like automated recovery mechanisms, chaging regions using internal network VPN and more.
These advancements will streamline testing processes, optimize resource utilization, and provide a seamless experience for developers and testers across global locations.
With ~250 users, supporting 25 different platforms and 150 testing devices, we are well-positioned for continued success.

For those of you who are not familiar with DAZN, here's a brief overview:

> *DAZN is the world’s leading live sports BTC streaming service. With DAZN, fans in any country can watch sport in any language, on any device, live and on-demand. Purpose built to stream live sports globally, DAZN is the market leader in Italy, Spain, Germany, and Japan, where it holds the top-tier domestic football rights — Serie A, La Liga, Bundesliga and J League, respectively — as well as the richest catalogue of live and on-demand content. DAZN is also available in over 200 other territories, where it boasts the most extensive library of elite and emerging sports content.*

DAZN develops both HTML-based and native applications designed to run on a variety of platforms, including TVs, set-top boxes, gaming consoles, and native devices. Ensuring high quality across these diverse platforms necessitates thorough testing at every stage of development, ranging from unit tests and component tests to emulator tests and real-device testing.

The global pandemic in 2020 prompted a paradigm shift in work practices, underscoring the importance of enabling engineers to access diverse resources and conduct testing remotely. Quality remains paramount, necessitating comprehensive testing methodologies despite remote work environments.

To address these challenges, we adopted a proactive “Lab as a Service” approach, culminating in the establishment of an in-house lab facility in Katowice, Poland. This strategic decision aimed to centralize resources and provide engineers with the necessary tools and infrastructure to conduct testing efficiently.

However, establishing and operating an in-house lab posed unique challenges that required careful consideration and resolution. These challenges encompassed logistical, technical, and organizational aspects, underscoring the need for adaptive solutions and collaborative efforts.

In response to these challenges, ongoing initiatives are focused on optimizing the efficiency and effectiveness of the in-house lab, streamlining workflows, enhancing collaboration among teams, and leveraging technology to overcome geographical barriers. By embracing innovation and agility, DAZN aims to continuously improve its testing capabilities and deliver exceptional quality across its diverse range of applications and platforms.

## Challenges

DAZN employs a diverse team of developers and test engineers spread across different global locations such as Poland, India, Israel, and the UK. Each team comes with its unique set of needs and requirements, necessitating a robust, highly available, and cost-effective platform to accommodate them effectively.

Key points include:

- Diverse Platform Support:
The platform must ensure comprehensive testing across all platforms supported by DAZN, emphasizing thoroughness and quality assurance in our testing procedures.
    
- Tailored Solutions:
Teams may require different tools and resources for their testing processes; for instance, some teams may rely on manual UI/UX testing devices, while others prioritize automation solutions.
    
- Integration Challenges:
Incorporating in-house tools and services into our platform is essential to ensure seamless continuity for engineers, requiring careful integration efforts.
    
- Scalability and Maintenance:
The platform needs to support a large number of engineers on a daily basis across multiple global sites, balancing scalability with efficient maintenance to avoid operational bottlenecks.

- Cost Considerations:
Maintaining devices, infrastructure, and manpower across various locations can incur significant expenses, necessitating a cost-effective approach to resource allocation and management.

- Ownership and Accountability:
Clear ownership and accountability structures are crucial to prevent issues such as maintenance gaps or device mismanagement.

To address these challenges, ongoing efforts are focused on streamlining processes, enhancing collaboration between teams, and leveraging automation wherever possible to optimize resource utilization and improve efficiency in our testing and development workflows.


## Solution — Lab as a Service

Our team, composed of seasoned experts in DevOps, Automation Infrastructure, and IT, recognized the need for a novel solution to address the challenges faced in managing Device Under Test (DUT) usage at DAZN. In the first quarter of 2023, we conducted a comprehensive assessment to identify and map out the major pain points associated with DUT utilization within the organization. This assessment culminated in the development of a pioneering approach coined “Lab as a Service,” aimed at alleviating the burden on developers and testers by handling all DUT-related tasks and physical infrastructure management.

During the second quarter of 2023, we introduced the Minimum Viable Product (MVP) setup, leveraging the Suitest framework — a vendor offering remote control and automation capabilities tailored for both HTML-based and native platforms. Our team meticulously orchestrated the deployment of all requisite physical infrastructure, assembling a dedicated lab housing 50 test devices within a spacious room at the DAZN Katowice office.

![DUT lab v1.0 (QA room — May 2023)](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*MDbJo7nq77qwWrRCpNvsrA.jpeg)*DUT lab v1.0 (QA room — May 2023)*

To bolster reliability and resilience, we implemented a comprehensive monitoring and alerting system, with Grafana serving as the frontend interface. Additionally, we integrated DUT recovery mechanisms to enhance the robustness of our testing environment.

![Grafana monitoring dashboard](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*8a9dpHjMLH1FZCQptCNplw.png)*Grafana monitoring dashboard*

The efficacy of these enhancements became apparent swiftly, as an increasing number of engineers gravitated towards utilizing the centralized lab infrastructure instead of configuring local devices. Leveraging the valuable feedback provided by users, we iteratively refined and enhanced the lab environment, ensuring that it continues to meet the evolving needs of our development and testing teams.

## Lab as a service 2.0

As the user base and the number of devices in the DAZN lab continued to surge, spurred by the establishment of a new DAZN site in India and the expansion of supported platforms throughout the latter half of 2023, we undertook further enhancements to the Katowice lab. These adjustments were aimed at accommodating the organization’s growth and fortifying its capacity to scale even further. Throughout the first quarter, we initiated a series of improvements targeting both the physical infrastructure and supporting features:

### Infrastructure enhancements

- __Relocation and Expansion:__

The DUT lab underwent relocation to a larger space, facilitating increased scalability and the seamless onboarding of additional platforms and devices. Leveraging existing racks more efficiently, we enabled the mounting of devices on both sides of each rack, resulting in a 50% boost in the number of TVs and a 40% increase in the number of set-top boxes (STBs), totaling 120 DUTs overall, with ample room for further expansion.

![DUT lab v2.0 (open space — January 2024)](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*IKUuw6aU2wQMzTBKCKS_bA.jpeg)*DUT lab v2.0 (open space — January 2024)*

- __Streaming Solutions:__

Collaborating with Suitest, we identified a cost-effective solution enabling the streaming of device HDMI output for STBs and gaming consoles. Additionally, we enhanced the TV streaming setup by refining the phone streaming app.

![Live DUT Streaming Phone camera setup](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*K460jjXRPqXUVQf8PVg0ng.jpeg)*Live DUT streaming mobile phone camera setup*

![HDMI grabber/splitter combo](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*s-cKLE8Oh1h5mliovKc91Q.jpeg)*HDMI grabber/splitter combo*

### Features enhancements

- __Collaboration with Suitest:__

Over the course of the year, we actively collaborated with Suitest to influence their roadmap, contributing to improvements in user experience and interface. A significant milestone was the introduction of a Unified UI integrating video streaming, remote control, and logs within the same browser window, enhancing productivity for lab users.

![Suitest Unified UI](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*Wg96k859tBYZwz13vVXG3Q.png)*Suitest Unified UI*

- __LR (Living Room) Launcher__:

In collaboration with the DAZN LivingRoom development team, we introduced LR Launcher, simplifying the workflow for manual testers and streamlining the onboarding process for partner platforms such as Sky and Movistar for the sake of ease of use when testing different development environments.


![LR Launcher](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*5AObQs1_Vdyd9cXhf5qF3w.png)*LR Launcher*

- __Enhanced Monitoring__:

With the growing user base and device count, robust monitoring became paramount. We revamped our monitoring service, streamlining processes and transitioning from an API-based solution to WSS notifications. Furthermore, we expanded monitoring coverage and implemented alerting for control units and streaming devices.

- __Automated Recovery__:

Leveraging smart plugs across all TV platforms, we implemented remote manual and automated recovery mechanisms for malfunctioning DUTs. Efforts are underway to develop similar mechanisms for cameras and control units, bolstering the resilience and efficiency of our lab environment.

- __Local Tunnel__:

A local tunnel solution providing exposure of a local development server allows developers and testers to seamlessly execute their code on a real physical lab device. This capability not only streamlines the testing process but also provides a practical and authentic environment for validating local code during development.

- __Lab Insights Report (BI)__:

An automated report detailing lab usage and testing trends. This report will provide valuable insights into usage patterns, enabling us to further optimize our services based on real data.

![BI Report](https://res.cloudinary.com/dtt2usukl/image/upload/v1716458627/Image_27-08-2023_at_11.58_sas9dh.jpg)*BI Report*

__VPN Change Region & VPN Console__:

A VPN solution that will empower lab users to seamlessly transfer DUTs between regions remotely. Using firewalls controlled by OPNSense, a lambda backend and a UI portal written in React (NextJS) users are able to testing of region-dependent content across all lab devices by switching regions as needed.

![VPN Console](https://res.cloudinary.com/dtt2usukl/image/upload/v1716458833/Image_23-05-2024_at_13.06_oxbech.jpg)*VPN Console*

## Service & Support

- __Continuous Improvement:__

Since the launch of the DUT lab in May 2023, we have continually bolstered our service and support infrastructure. This includes expanding our support engineering team, enhancing documentation and guides, and maintaining accessible support channels during working hours. Our commitment to swift issue resolution is underscored by our expanded remote resolution capabilities, facilitated by proactive monitoring and device error-based recovery processes.

- __Onboarding Optimization:__

Through the introduction of “Lab as a Service 2.0” and tailored training sessions, we have streamlined the onboarding process for new users, ensuring a seamless transition and maximizing productivity from the outset using official docs portal (using github pages and backstage).

These enhancements collectively represent our ongoing commitment to optimizing the DAZN lab environment, fostering innovation, and empowering our engineering teams to deliver exceptional quality across all platforms and devices.


## Acknowledgements

Special thanks to the amazing AP Nexus team for their dedication and hard work, it was a pleasure working with each one of you!

[Dennis Groisman](https://www.linkedin.com/in/dennis-groisman-9811b335/), [Daniel-Shahar Cohen](https://www.linkedin.com/in/danielshaharcohen/), [Rafal Muszalik](https://www.linkedin.com/in/rafa%C5%82muszalik/), [Blazej Milewski](https://www.linkedin.com/in/blazej-milewski/), [Alex Rivkin](https://www.linkedin.com/in/alex-rivkin-b037a6a1/), [Yoav Brown](https://www.linkedin.com/in/yoav-brown-970b55265/) and the one and only [Gal Moran](https://www.linkedin.com/in/gal-moran-a3454095/).


[![DAZN Lab as a Service](https://res.cloudinary.com/dtt2usukl/image/upload/v1716460903/play_video_lab_fnkajn.jpg)](https://res.cloudinary.com/dtt2usukl/video/upload/v1716460249/tvlab_v2_withmusic_twifar.mp4 "DAZN Lab as a Service - Nexus Team")*My team - Lab as a Service 2.0*


Article on [Medium (DAZN Engineering Blog)](https://medium.com/dazn-tech/lab-as-a-service-in-dazn-9bcc9d549970)


I'm incredibly proud to share the outstanding work our team has accomplished recently in upgrading our testing lab infrastructure.

Lab as a Service in DAZN


In this blog post i'll share a real world example of how to create an S3 bucket with a redirect URL using Cloudfront with Terraform.

This started at my work when we needed to create a simple redirect URL for a specific domain referring to the company's official documentation portal. Our goal was to create a simple URL that would redirect to the documentation portal for our specific team for our internal customers in the company, which would make it easier for them to access.

Our solution involves creating an S3 bucket configured to redirect requests, setting up a CloudFront distribution for global reach, responses, etc, and configuring a Route 53 DNS record to point to our CloudFront distribution.

Here's how these AWS services work together in our setup:

* AWS S3 Bucket: Hosts a redirect rule to our desired URL.

* AWS CloudFront: Distributes our content globally.

* AWS Route 53: Manages DNS to make our short URL accessible.

Let's start with our example:

__Setting Up the S3 Bucket for Redirection__

Our first step is to create an S3 bucket that will handle the URL redirection using Terraform:

```hcl
resource "aws_s3_bucket" "redirect_bucket" {
  bucket = "your-bucket-name"

  website {
    redirect_all_requests_to = "https://the-url-you-want-to-redirect-to.com"
  }
}
```

This snippet creates an S3 bucket and sets it up to redirect all incoming requests to our specified URL. The website block is used to configure the bucket as a static website, and the redirect_all_requests_to attribute specifies the URL to redirect to.


__Configuring the CloudFront Distribution__

Next, we set up a CloudFront distribution to serve our content globally. Here's the example configuration:

```hcl
resource "aws_cloudfront_distribution" "s3_distribution" {
  origin {
    domain_name = "${aws_s3_bucket.redirect_bucket.bucket}.s3-website.${var.region}.amazonaws.com"
    origin_id   = "S3-${aws_s3_bucket.redirect_bucket.id}"

    custom_origin_config {
      http_port              = 80
      https_port             = 443
      origin_protocol_policy = "http-only"
      origin_ssl_protocols   = ["TLSv1.2"]
    }
  }

  # ... Additional configuration ...
}
```

This sets up a CloudFront distribution that points to our S3 bucket. Note how we configure the custom_origin_config to ensure secure content delivery.
Also, make sure that in the origin block, you specify the correct resource name for the S3 bucket (domain_name).

__Setting Up Route 53 for DNS Configuration__

For our short URL to be accessible, we need to configure a DNS record in Route 53:

```hcl
resource "aws_route53_record" "www" {
  zone_id = data.aws_route53_zone.selected.zone_id
  name    = "your-name"
  type    = "A"

  alias {
    name                   = aws_cloudfront_distribution.s3_distribution.domain_name
    zone_id                = aws_cloudfront_distribution.s3_distribution.hosted_zone_id
    evaluate_target_health = false
  }
}
```
This Terraform code creates an A record that points to our CloudFront distribution. Make sure to replace your-name with the desired domain name and to understand what's needed in terms or DNS record type.

Keep in mind, this is a simplified example of how to set up an S3 bucket with a redirect URL using CloudFront with Terraform. You may need to adjust/add configurations based on your specific requirements and use case.


Real world example of how to create an S3 bucket with a redirect URL using Cloudfront with Terraform.

S3 Bucket Redirect URL With Terraform


Microsoft Authentication Library or MSAL is a library that enables web applications to authenticate users against Azure Active Directory (AAD). This setup can be crucial for applications requiring secure identity management and access control, especially within organizations using Microsoft services.

MSAL JS library supports protocols such as OAuth2 and OpenID Connect, making it easier to implement for web applications.

So let's begin.

### Registering Your Application with Azure AD

First, you need to register your application with Azure AD to obtain valid credentials for authentication.

1. Sign into the Azure Portal: Navigate to Azure Portal.
2. Create a New App Registration: Go to Azure Active Directory > App registrations > New registration. Make sure you select SPA applications.
3. Configure Redirect URIs: For development, and in my case, I used `http://localhost:3000/`. Ensure not to enable Implicit Grant or Hybrid Flows.

![Azure-SPA-Registered](/images/azure-spa-register.jpeg)

### Setting Up Your Next.js Project

Initialize a new Next.js project if you haven't already:

```bash
npx create-next-app msal-next-auth --use-npm
cd msal-next-auth
npm install @azure/msal-react @azure/msal-browser
```

### Configuring MSAL in Your Next.js App

Create a configuration file for MSAL and initialize the MSAL instance.

In my case I created a file named `msal.js` in `services/` directory:

```javascript
import { PublicClientApplication } from "@azure/msal-browser";

const msalConfig = {
    auth: {
        clientId: process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_AZURE_AD_CLIENT_ID,
        authority: `https://login.microsoftonline.com/${process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_AZURE_AD_TENANT_ID}`,
        redirectUri: process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_REDIRECT_URI
    }
};

const msalInstance = new msal.PublicClientApplication(msalConfig);
export { msalInstance };
```

Ensure you have set the environment variables in `.env.local`:

```bash
NEXT_PUBLIC_AZURE_AD_CLIENT_ID=your-client-id
NEXT_PUBLIC_AZURE_AD_TENANT_ID=your-tenant-id
NEXT_PUBLIC_REDIRECT_URI=/
```

Note that the `redirectUri` should match the one you configured in Azure AD.
Also, note that NEXT_PUBLIC env vars (browser env vars) are being applied only in during build time and not in runtime. Which means if these env vars are environment dependent, you should take it into account in your CI that handles the application build and deployment.

Next, Modify `_app.js` to Use MSAL Provider:

```javascript
import { MsalProvider } from '@azure/msal-react';
import { msalInstance } from '@/services/msal';
import '.@/styles/globals.css';

function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) {
  return (
    <MsalProvider instance={msalInstance}>
      <Component {...pageProps} />
    </MsalProvider>
  );
}

export default MyApp;
```

### Adding Authentication to Your Pages

Here you can use MSAL React hooks which makes your life easier and add authentication functionality.

For example, in `pages/index.js`:

```javascript
import { AuthenticatedTemplate, UnauthenticatedTemplate, useMsal } from '@azure/msal-react';
import React from 'react';

function SignInButton() {
    const { instance } = useMsal();
    return <button onClick={() => instance.loginRedirect()}>Sign In</button>;
}

function WelcomeUser() {
    const { accounts } = useMsal();
    const username = accounts[0]?.name || 'Guest';
    return <p>Welcome, {username}</p>;
}

export default function Home() {
    return (
        <div>
            <AuthenticatedTemplate>
                <WelcomeUser />
            </AuthenticatedTemplate>
            <UnauthenticatedTemplate>
                <SignInButton />
            </UnauthenticatedTemplate>
        </div>
    );
}
```
Note that you can use the token acquired from MSAL to call your API with authentication header (if required) or use any other attribute from the token object such as name from the example.

You can also use the `useIsAuthenticated` hook to check if the user is authenticated and show different content accordingly. 

```javascript
import { useIsAuthenticated } from '@azure/msal-react';

export default function Home() {
    const isAuthenticated = useIsAuthenticated();
    return (
        <div>
            {isAuthenticated ? <WelcomeUser /> : <SignInButton />}
        </div>
    );
}
```

In one of my projects at work I created a custom hook to use the token in the API calls:

```javascript
import { useMsal } from '@azure/msal-react';

export const useAccessToken = () => {
  const { instance, accounts } = useMsal();
  const account = accounts[0];

  const getAccessToken = async () => {
    try {
      const request = {
        scopes: [`${process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_CLIENT_ID}/.default`],
        account: account,
        redirectUri: '/',
      };

      const response = await instance.acquireTokenSilent(request);
      return response.accessToken;
    } catch (error) {
        console.log('error', error)
      if (error instanceof InteractionRequiredAuthError) {
        instance.acquireTokenRedirect(request);
      } else {
        throw error;
      }
    }
  };

  return getAccessToken;
};
```

And just for the sake of the example, one of components which uses the the custom hook which fetches the accessToken from AAD and sending as Authentication header in one if its API calls:

```javascript
import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';
import { useMsal } from '@azure/msal-react';

import { useAccessToken } from '@hooks/useToken';

const DeviceTable = () => {
  const getAccessToken = useAccessToken();
  const [regions, setRegions] = useState({});
  const [error, setError] = useState(null);

  useEffect(() => {
    let apiUrl = '';

    const fetchConfigAndData = async () => {
      try {
        const accessToken = await getAccessToken();

        const regionsData = await fetch(`${apiUrl}/api/v1/devices`, {
          headers: {
            'Authorization': `Bearer ${accessToken}`
          }
        }).then(res => res.json());
        setRegions(regionsData);
      } catch (error) {
        setError(error);
      }
    };

    fetchConfigAndData();
  }, []);
```

Keep in mind that i'm not an experienced frontend developer, so the code above might not be the best practice, but it works for me. I'll be happy to hear your feedback and suggestions. I'm mostly available on [Linkedin](https://www.linkedin.com/in/kazaz-or/).


Learn how to integrate Azure AD authentication into your Next.js app using MSAL library for security and user management.

Integrating Azure AD Authentication in Your Next.js App Using MSAL



The common purposes of scheduling Lambda functions is to automate tasks such as nightly data backups, data fetching and processing, or any routine task that needs to run on a scheduled basis.

If you're using AWS as a cloud provider, once of the most common services to schedule your lambdas is EventBridge (formerly known as CloudWatch Events).

To show and example of how to create such thing, we'll use Terraform.

First, lets create the rule itself (eventually it'll be registered in EventBridge):

```hcl
resource "aws_cloudwatch_event_rule" "schedule" {
  name                = "${var.name_prefix}-schedule"
  description         = "Schedule for Updater Lambda Function (ap-vpn-console)"
  schedule_expression = var.schedule_expression
}
```
__name:__ A unique identifier for the rule, using a variable for flexibility.

__description:__ Clear description of what the rule does.

__schedule_expression:__ When the Lambda will be triggered. Use the `schedule_expression` variable to easily change the timing without modifying the code directly.

Just in case you're not familiar with cron expressions, here is an example:

```hcl
variable "schedule_expression" {
  description = "The schedule expression for the lambda function"
  type        = string
  default     = "cron(0 2,10 * * ? *)"
}
```
This cron expression means the Lambda will run at 2:00 AM and 10:00 AM (UTC) every day.

![schedule-rule](/images/eventbridge-lambda-rule.jpeg)


Now let's hook it with our Lambda function:

```hcl
resource "aws_cloudwatch_event_target" "schedule_lambda" {
  rule      = aws_cloudwatch_event_rule.schedule.name
  target_id = "processing_lambda"
  arn       = aws_lambda_function.lambda.arn
}
```

__rule:__ Links the target to the previously defined rule.

__target_id:__ An identifier for the target.

__arn:__ Amazon Resource Name for the Lambda function to execute.


Last thing we might want to do, is to allow EventBridge to invoke the Lambda function by defining its permissions:

```hcl
resource "aws_lambda_permission" "allow_events_bridge_to_run_lambda" {
  statement_id  = "AllowExecutionFromCloudWatch"
  action        = "lambda:InvokeFunction"
  function_name = aws_lambda_function.lambda.function_name
  principal     = "events.amazonaws.com"
}
```

__statement_id:__ A unique identifier for the statement.

__action:__ Specifies the allowed action.

__function_name:__ Links to the Lambda function.

__principal:__ The AWS service that is allowed to perform the action.


Schedule your AWS Lambda tasks using Terraform and AWS EventBridge to automate routine tasks and improve efficiency.

Welcome to
Kazi's Dev Blog

Newest Blog Posts(See All)

Playwright Tips: Using Custom Headers in Playwright for Worker-Specific Response Handling

The Case For and Against test-id Usage

My Mac Dev Toolkit For Better Efficiency

Handling CI/CD in a Mono Repo With Multiple Python Packages

Lab as a Service in DAZN

S3 Bucket Redirect URL With Terraform

Integrating Azure AD Authentication in Your Next.js App Using MSAL

Scheduling Lambdas Using AWS EventBridge and Terraform

Explore More Blog Posts

Welcome to Kazi's Dev Blog

Newest Blog Posts(See All)

Playwright Tips: Using Custom Headers in Playwright for Worker-Specific Response Handling

The Case For and Against test-id Usage

My Mac Dev Toolkit For Better Efficiency

Handling CI/CD in a Mono Repo With Multiple Python Packages

Lab as a Service in DAZN

S3 Bucket Redirect URL With Terraform

Integrating Azure AD Authentication in Your Next.js App Using MSAL

Scheduling Lambdas Using AWS EventBridge and Terraform

Explore More Blog Posts

Welcome to
Kazi's Dev Blog